Which statement best describes why animal models are used in studies of brain and behavior?

• A. They always replicate human behavior exactly
• B. They allow controlled manipulation and have similar brain structures to humans
• C. They have no ethical concerns
• D. They are less expensive only due to shorter lifespans

Answer: (B)

Animal models are used because they allow researchers to control genetic, environmental, and experimental conditions while also making precise manipulations of brain circuits or chemistry to observe causal effects on behavior. At the same time, many mammals share core brain structures with humans—like the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia—so the basic neural mechanisms behind learning, memory, emotion, and decision-making are similar enough to inform how the human brain works. This combination of experimental control and neuroanatomical similarity makes animal studies a powerful way to uncover how brain processes drive behavior, while keeping in mind that animals don’t replicate human behavior exactly.